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Climatology in Cold Regions
◆JpGU2025 セール開催中！：2025年6月30日(月)ご注文分まで
※上記表示の販売価格は割引適用後の価格です 出版済み 3-5週間でお届けいたします。 Author: Wang, Chenghai (Lanzhou University, China) Publisher: WILEY ISBN: 9781119702658 Cover: HARDCOVER Date: 2023年04月 こちらの商品は学校・法人様向け（機関契約）のオンラインブック版がございます。 オンラインブックの価格、納期につきましては弊社営業員または当ECサイトよりお問い合わせください。  DESCRIPTION This volume systematically covers fundamental aspects and current challenges of climatology in cold regions, including cloud, wind, precipitation, radiation, and snow. It focuses on the role of land?atmosphere interactions in cold regions, the nature of land surface processes, soil frozen-thawing processes, snow melting processes, and surface diabatic heating. By introducing new ways of climate modelling in cold regions, this reference will serve to improve seasonal climate prediction via the of use cryospheric signals. The concepts and date presented here will be of interest to those working and studying in the fields of meteorology, hydrology, and ecology alike. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of the Subject and Recent Highlights 1 1.2 Some Definitions and Terms of Reference 1 1.3 Characteristics of Cold Region Climatology 3 1.4 Classification of Cold Region Climatology 4 1.5 Impacts of Cold Regions on Global Climate 5 1.6 Contribution of Cold Regions to Energy Balance 5 1.7 Summary 6 2 Climate in Cold Regions 7 2.1 General Circulation 7 2.2 Low and High Frequency of Atmosphere Variability 8 2.3 Weather Systems 9 2.3.1 The Polar Circulation 10 2.3.2 Polar Vortex 10 2.3.3 Polar Jet 16 2.3.4 Polar Low 17 2.3.5 Blocking High 19 2.3.6 Polar High 20 2.3.7 Stratospheric Sudden Warming 21 2.3.8 Weather Systems on the Tibetan Plateau 25 2.4 Radiation 28 2.4.1 Surface Radiation Budget 28 2.4.2 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiative Effect 36 2.5 Precipitation and Snow 45 2.6 Frozen Ground 47 2.7 Hydrology 48 2.8 Winter Monsoon 49 3 Land-Surface Process in Cold Regions 51 3.1 Land-Surface Characteristics in Cold Regions 51 3.1.1 Overview 51 3.1.2 Sea-Ice Cover 58 3.1.3 Land-Surface Evapotranspiration 60 3.2 Daily and Seasonal Cycle of Freeze-Thaw in Soil 60 3.3 Soil Freezing-Thawing and Snow-Melting Processes and their Hydrothermal Effects 64 3.4 Impacts of Soil Freeze-Thaw Process and Snow Melting on Surface Diabatic Heating 67 4 Land-Atmospheric Interaction in Cold Region 72 4.1 Spring Predictability Barrier 72 4.2 Signal of Climate Prediction in Land Processes in Cold Regions 73 4.3 Improvement of Climate Prediction by Assimilating Land-Surface Signals in Cold Regions 80 4.4 Soil-oisture Memory in Cold Regions 83 4.5 Soil-Moisture Climate Coupling in Cold Regions 85 4.6 Snow-Climate Coupling in Cold Regions 90 5 Models and Modeling in Cold Regions 91 5.1 Snow and Freeze-Thaw Parameterizations 91 5.2 Hydrothermal Coupling Scheme in Land-Surface Model 98 5.3 Simulation of Land-Surface Process in Cold Regions 103 6 Hydrological Processes in Cold Regions 109 6.1 Glacier Hydrology 109 6.2 Snowmelt Runoff 110 6.3 Frozen Soil and Hydrology 115 6.4 River Ice and Lake-Ice Hydrology 120 6.5 Sea-Ice Hydrology 121 6.6 Sea Ice 122 6.7 Characteristics of Sea Ice Regimes in China 123 6.8 Precipitation Rates on the Tibetan Plateau 124 6.9 Precipitation Recycling on the Tibetan Plateau 133 7 Ecology and Vegetation in Cold Regions 136 7.1 Overview 136 7.2 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics on the Tibetan Plateau 136 7.2.1 Spatial Distribution of Ecology and Vegetation 136 7.2.2 Vegetation Variations Respond to Climate Change 139 7.3 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics in Middle and High Latitudes 142 7.3.1 Northern China 142 7.3.2 Europe 144 7.3.3 North America 145 7.4 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics in the Arctic Region 146 8 The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle in Cold Regions 149 8.1 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases on the Tibetan Plateau 149 8.2 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases at High Latitudes 156 8.3 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases in the Polar Regions 162 8.4 Outlook 167 9 Climate Disasters in Cold Regions 169 9.1 Overview 169 9.2 Snowmelt Flood 170 9.3 Freezing Rain 173 9.4 Winter Storms 178 9.5 Ice Avalanches 183 9.6 Ice-Jam Floods 187 9.7 Snow Avalanches 191 9.8 Freezing and Thawing Damage 192 9.9 What’s Next 194 10 Climate Changes in Cold Regions 195 10.1 Climate Change in Cold Regions in the Past Decades 195 10.2 Projection of Future Climate in Cold Regions 196 10.2.1 Impact of Soil Moisture on Frozen Ground and its Indicators 202 10.2.2 Changes in Permafrost Extent and Active Layer Thickness in the Twenty-First century 204 10.2.3 The Soil Thermal and Hydraulic Regimes in Permafrost Regions 206 10.3 Changes of Related Environment Response to Climate Change in Cold Regions 209 10.3.1 Changes of Hydrological Processes 209 10.3.2 Changes of Ecology 211 10.3.3 Changes in Disasters 211 11 Challenges and Outlook 213 11.1 Challenges for Future Study 213 11.2 Conclusion 214
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